Person Centred Values Essay Essays

Person Centred Values Essay Essays Person Centred Values Essay Essay Person Centred Values Essay Essay Essay Topic: Equus Promoting person-centred values means transporting out your function in a manner that respects the people you work with so that they can populate the life that they choose to. This should non be any different from what you would desire or anticipate should you necessitate attention and support. When you go about your daily work you must ever be cognizant of the single individual that you are supplying the service for. You may see these values expressed in the undermentioned manner: individualism. independency. privateness. partnership. pick. self-respect. regard. rights. equality and diverseness. Person-centred attack and personalisation portion the same values and basically seek to accomplish the same end. Personalisation may be seen as the full procedure whereas a individual centred attack is one of the ways of conveying about personalisation. Working in a person-centred manner Your function is to assist people take the manner their attention demands are met and besides to assist them be after for the longer term. People’s picks will be different depending on the types of undertakings you are making together and their abilities. If a individual makes a determination that you feel is hazardous. discourse your concerns with them. and if possible support them to understand the hazards. Supporting active engagement Peoples who use services have a right to be seen as persons with different penchants. accomplishments and abilities. Respecting this basic right means affecting them in the manner their attention and support is delivered. It is the key in traveling from ‘doing to’ to ‘doing with’ . This can go on informally with persons or in more formal scenes. such as residents’ meetings or service user groups. Supporting an individual’s right to do picks Supporting people to do their ain picks means doing certain they have the right information about the different options and any effects. Some people who work in attention may happen this difficult. They may experience that the person’s picks are unsafe or unwise. Supporting people to do informed picks – Most of the picks that people make in life of course affect some component of hazard. and the determinations made by people utilizing wellness and societal attention are no different. Avoiding hazards wholly would restrain their picks and chances. Hazard is a construct that tends to hold negative intensions but people take considered hazards all of the clip and derive many positive benefits. As new wellness and societal attention picks and chances arise. they are likely to affect the consideration of taking hazards. Promoting religious and emotional well-being Often we are concerned with physical attention. but we need to understand that the people we care for and support have emotional and religious demands. This becomes clear as you form relationships with them as a consequence of your function. Even if you come into contact with a individual and there is small or no response it is of import to retrieve that during that person’s earlier life at that place will hold been important emotional and religious occasions. How is an single individuality and ego esteem linked to their religious and emotional well being? HYPERLINK â€Å"/index. aspx? template=show_and_tell. ascx A ; user_id=620072† I am merely showing my ain personal perceptual experience on the subject. And hopefully my words will come together to organize a construct. Threw spiritualty we come to understand the true value of others and ourselves. We no longer step others or ourselves but the auto we drive. vicinity we live in and like that. Threw religious development our perceptual experience of what is of import in this word is developed and our topographic point of being one in the many. one really powerful one in the many we tend to handle others with kindness and lovingness. Our focal point is non all based in ego. We become comfy in who we are and learn more about who we are as we grow. Knowing who you are and accepting that. the good the bad and the ugly gives us the freedom to be as one in the universe. When we â€Å"love ourself† as they say. we can so easy love. accept and appreciate others. Their good. bad and ugly because we are all merely worlds with assorted gifts. Our individuality was present at birth. It became convoluted as we grew with in the universe around us. So we need to step back and see who we are. non who they said that we are. Guilt is an oppressor. it keeps us from accepting who we are. or truly even seeing who we are. Fear blocks us from life Anger supports love from fluxing and all of the other emotions that get in the manner of our religious egos besides cause mayhem with our emotional well being and self esteem. HYPERLINK â€Å"/index. aspx? template=show_and_tell. ascx A ; user_id=581927† You won’t happen it in the Bible. but you might on this site: If you don’t stand for something. you will fall for anything. Knowing who you are is the first measure in accepting yourself complete with all your moles. warts and loose tegument. Self regard is cognizing that you are an honest individual. Bing religious allows you to accept wisdom and strength in your darkest minutes and reinforces individuality and ego esteem. That is every bit simple as I am capable of voicing it. The importantance to happening out the history. prefrences. wants and demands of every single service. History: It is of import to happen out someone’s history when fixing their attention program as it affects them. For case. a individual may hold been abused and may necessitate excess support to let them get by. Or they may hold been about at a clip that may hold changed their positions and how they see things or people. e. g. a ww2 veteran may see everyone from East as Nipponese. when. they may non be Nipponese at all. Another ground to happen out someone’s history can concern the country of trips and autumn. If the individuals history shows they suffer from it so the right equipment and aid can be put into topographic point to guarantee they are helped every bit best as possible to populate in their ain place. Preferences: Its of import to happen out peoples penchants as the person is. an person. Their picks and gustatory sensation will change from another person and may non wish what person else likes. For case client a likes Equus caballus radish sandwiches. while client B don’t like. or may be allergic to it. By sitting down and talking with an person about their penchants. Wishs and demands: it is really of import to cognize peoples wants and demands. Knowing what they want can be of benefit and helps with terminal of life planning. For case. if its a female client. she may show her want to hold a female attention as she would experience more comfy and able to freely acquire on with a forenoon and flushing modus operandi than holding a male carer. Supporting persons to be after for their hereafter well-being and fulfillment. including end-of-life attention The individual centred attack uses the thought that everyone has an interior want to carry through their personal potency. in a safe. non-judgemental and compassionate topographic point the person can believe about what is of import to them and do the best determinations. It is of import that persons are supported to be after for their hereafter well-being and fulfilment so that their quality of life is improved. even if they are merely in short-run attention. The Care Act 2014 describes wellbeing as associating to the undermentioned countries: Personal self-respect ( including handling person with regard ) Physical and mental wellness and emotional well-beingProtection from maltreatment and disregardControl by the person over daily life ( including over the manner attention and support is provided )Engagement in work. instruction. preparation or diversionSocial and economic well-beingDomestic. household and personal relationshipsSuitability of life adjustmentThe individual’s part to society Persons should be encouraged to show themselves and to alter their head about things when they want to. It is of import to take clip to speak about their demands. what they want and besides what they don’t want. This is particularly true for end-of-life-care where a individual might non be able to voice their wants as they could before. You will so necessitate to utilize different ways of communication. This may besides affect working with an advocator who is able to show the individual’s wants on their behalf if they are unable to pass on the information themselves. Ideally the person will hold planned in front and expressed what they would wish to go on within their attention if they can non make up ones mind for themselves any longer. This is called progress attention planning ( or ACP ) and is backed by the Mental Capacity Act 2005.

Free First Grade Mathematics Worksheets

Free First Grade Mathematics Worksheets When it comes to teaching first-grade students the common core standards of mathematics, theres no better way to practice than with worksheets geared toward repeatedly applying the same basic concepts such as counting, adding and subtracting without carrying, word problems, telling time, and calculating currency. As young mathematicians progress through their early education, they will be expected to demonstrate comprehension of these basic skills, so its important for teachers to be able to gauge their students aptitudes in the subject by administering quizzes, working one on one with each student, and by sending them home with worksheets like the ones below to practice on their own or with their parent. However, in some cases, students may require additional attention or explanation beyond what worksheets alone can offer- for this reason, teachers should also prepare demonstrations in class to help guide students through the coursework. When working with first-grade students, its important to start from where they understand and work your way up, ensuring that each students  masters each concept individually before moving on to the next topic. Click on the links in the rest of the article to discover worksheets for each of the topics addressed. Worksheets for Counting, Time, and Currency One of the first things first graders have to master is the concept of counting to 20, which will help them quickly count beyond those basic numbers and begin to understand the 100s and 1000s by the time they reach the second grade. Assigning worksheets like Order the Numbers to 50 will help teachers assess whether or not a student fully grasps the number line. Additionally, students will be expected to recognize number patterns and should practice their skills in  counting by 2s,  counting by 5s, and  counting  by 10s  and identifying whether a number is  greater than or less than to 20, and be able to parse out  mathematical equations from  word problems  like  these, which may include  ordinal numbers up to 10 In terms of practical math skills, the first grade is also an important time to ensure students understand how to  tell time  on a clock face and how to  count  U.S. coins up to 50 cents. These skills will be essential as students begin to apply two-digit addition and subtraction in the second grade. Addition and Subtraction for First Graders First-grade math students will be introduced to basic addition and subtraction, oftentimes in the form of word problems, over the course of the year, meaning they will be expected to add up to 20 and subtract numbers below fifteen, both of which wont require the students to re-group or carry the one. These concepts are easiest understood through tactile demonstration such as number blocks or tiles or through illustration or example such as showing the class a pile of 15 bananas and taking away four of them, then asking the students to calculate then count the remaining bananas. This simple display of  subtraction  will help guide students through the process of early arithmetic, which can be additionally aided by these subtraction facts to 10. Students will also be expected to demonstrate a comprehension of addition, through completing word problems that feature  addition sentences up to 10, and worksheets like Adding to 10, Adding to 15, and Adding to 20 will help teachers gauge students comprehension of the basics of simple addition. Other Worksheets and Concepts First-grade teachers may also introduce their students to a base-level knowledge of fractions, geometric shapes, and mathematical patterns, though none of them are required course material until the second and third grades. Check out Understanding 1/2, this Shape Book, and these additional  10 Geometry worksheets for late Kindergarten and Grade 1. When working with  first-grade  students, its important to start from where they are. It is also important to focus on thinking concepts. For instance, think about this word problem:  A man has 10 balloons and the wind blew 4 away. How many are left? Heres another way to ask the question:  A man was holding some balloons and the wind blew 4 away. He only has 6 balloons left, how many did he start with? Too often we ask questions where the unknown is at the end of the question, but the unknown can also be put at the beginning of the question. Explore more concepts in these extra worksheets: How Many More to 10Fill in the Missing Numbers - to 10How many less - to 10Subtraction Facts to 10 Beginning Fractions: Concept of 1/2.

Creating, Financing, and Marketing a Business Essay - 1

Creating, Financing, and Marketing a Business - Essay Example In addition, the distribution of losses and profits and the design of the organization are more flexible than in other modes of businesses, for example, corporations. Third, partnerships have the capacity to pool funds. This decreases the financial weight of an individual operating a business and increases the rate of growth for the business. Nonetheless, partnerships have disadvantages. First, Conflicts between partners can cause disorders which may hinder the partnership from staying focused and achieving its objectives. Also, conflicts can make the partners want to leave the partnership. This may create uncertainty over the future of the partnership. Second, a partner is considered an agent of a partnership. Therefore, a partner’s inadequate management ability, inadequate decision making, inadequate negotiation ability, or inadequate judgment may have a negative impact on the partnership and cause every partner significant burdens. Third, partnership law does not adequately safeguard a partner’s investment in the business, except if a partner can give evidence of a partner violating partnership terms (Mohan, 2005). Finally, it can be difficult to make decisions. Partners in a business partnership may not come to an agreement on the undertakings of the business. Part b Venture Capital Venture capital can be helpful to small businesses when they want to expand or increase their operations. Venture capital comprises trading interest in the business (Mohan, 2005). Moreover, the interest is sold with a finance group or company, not individuals, devoted to assisting the business increase its operations. Debt Financing A small business may be set up through loans. An individual with a decent credit and is recognized with a bank may get a business loan from a credit company or bank (Mohan, 2005). If a small business is unable to get a loan from a bank, a person may get a loan from the federal small business administration. It helps small business owner s acquire funds. Equity Equity entails getting investors to finance a business. A small business may grow by selling a share of the business. Investors can be partners known to the business, for example, local entrepreneurs, business associates, and family members or private partners. Family and friends are the greatest source for equity and loan deals. These people are less strict on loans and anticipated earnings on investment (Mohan, 2005). Part c Managerial accounting refers to the comprehensive figures utilized for inner company or organization members. Managerial accounting comprise things such as cost of turnover, cost of the product, cost of employee benefits, cost of shipping, and every data that is of importance to a company. Managerial accounting can assist managers utilize the numbers to perform their jobs effectively and effectively, taking into account budgeting, product costing, and incremental analysis. Human resources managers can utilize the benefits and cost of tu rnover to give improved salaries and ascertain the budget. General Managers can employ the figures to evaluate product costing and perform incremental analysis. If a General Manager requires establishing if the prices of products are rightly set, he may review the data on sales to determine if demand has been met by supply. If the sales are low, the company may make additional products, buy less, or reduce the price of products (Mohan, 2005). In addition, managerial accounti

Legal History of Film Streaming Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal History of Film Streaming Websites - Essay Example One such disadvantage is the increased risk of infringement of the rights of copyright holders. The Internet provides a faster, cheaper and easier access to entertainment content which inevitably increases the risk of unauthorized reproduction, unchecked distribution and illegal public performance of copyrighted content. (Aspen Pub, 2001). The advent of new digital technologies has eased the circulation of movies around the world which has been and continues to be the source of tremendous problems for the entertainment industry. With the advent of movie streaming technology, an individual can view a movie without downloading it from the website therefore; the ease of viewing has been enhanced. There are a large number of legitimate and legal websites that enable internet users to view motion pictures, live sports events, TV programs and other forms of entertainment. However, the problem of unauthorized public performance of movies has intensified with the advent of illegal and illegi timate movie streaming websites. (Litman 2001). History of Video streaming websites and Copyright Law issues: The demand for online viewing of movies surfaced in the year 1997 and is now a $1.9 billion industry. In 2001 two major movie downloading websites surfaced which were Movielink and Moviebeam. Both websites failed to establish a profitable market place and were sold in the year 2006. Today, one of the major legal movie downloading sites is Apple iTunes along with Amazon, Veoh, Hulu, Netflix and Blockbuster. (Finney, Angus 2010). One of the fundamental issues that arose with widespread use of the Internet was violation of copyright laws. In 1997, the Congress enacted the No Electronic Theft Act in an effort to prevent the unauthorized uploading of movies and videogames. In accordance with Telecommunications Act of 1996, Internet Service Providers will not be considered liable of copyright infringements committed by their website users if they agree to promptly remove the unlaw ful materials from their website. The advent of social networking and film clips sharing sites such as MySpace and Youtube was soon followed by lawsuits filed by copyright owners. In accordance, Youtube was sued by Media conglomerate Viacom for $1 Billion for the violation of copyright laws as thousands of copyright videos were uploaded by Youtube users each day. Youtube and Viacom solved the issue by negotiating outside the court but officials from Youtube stated in court that they fall in the safe harbor category of Digital Millennium Copyright Act which states that the Violator will not be liable for the violation if they promptly remove the material blamed with copyright infringement. Therefore, both MySpace and Youtube acted to prevent the resurfacing of such an issue by installing specially designed internal filters which prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. However, the critics of such lawsuits believe that it is perfectly legal to upload copyrighted material under the fair use Doctrine. The year 2010 proved to be hugely successful for Google and Youtube because the Court dismissed the billion-dollar infringement claim filed by high profile lawsuits and declared that Youtube falls under the â€Å"safe harbor†

Sexual Abuse in Prison Essay Example for Free

Sexual Abuse in Prison Essay The sexual abuse in prison is a serious problem in our country. It is compounded by the sheer number of inmates stepping inside the prison system every year. It is surprising to find out that our country is widely recognized as the one with most number of prisoners. This problem however is preventable and controllable if we will only change our attitude. We all have rights. Conviction for a crime no matter how heinous our crime is will not strip us of our rights. In a letter sent to the Human Rights Watch by a sender whose name was purposely withheld, the sender narrated his horrifying experience while he was inside Prison. He recounted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ive been sentenced for a D. U. I. offense. My 3rd one. When I first came to prison, I had no idea what to expect. Im a tall white male, who unfortunately has a small amount of feminine characteristics. And very shy. These characteristics have got me raped so many times I have no more feelings physically. I have been raped by up to 5 black men and two white men at a time. Ive had knifes at my head and throat†¦There is no supervision after lockdown. † (â€Å"No Escape Male Rape in US Prisons†) This excerpt speaks of an ugly reality inside the US prison. This is the reality that we have come to accept as part of the defects in the US prison system. This is the reality that has been institutionalized in our society which contributes not only to the perpetuation of violence inside prison but also to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. (â€Å"Its Not My Problem†) The sad thing about this issue is that there seems to be nothing being done about this problem by government authorities. Is it because while we uphold the rule of justice and consider rehabilitation as one of the primary purposes of prison, at the back of our minds we think that the inmates deserve what happens to them while inside the prison? This research paper deals with the issue of sexual abuse in US Prison. I aim to discuss the different scenarios of sexual abuse and the power relations happening inside prison that is at the core of this problem. I aim to discuss of prisoners protected by domestic and international laws. Rights of Prisoners The issue of sexual abuse in US prison is extremely important nowadays considering that according to the new report of the Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice, our prison population has ballooned to a total of 2 million inmates. Research also shows that since 2002 one in every one hundred forty two US citizens is locked up in jail and out of the 1,200,203 state prisoners, 3055 inmates were younger than 18 years old. Robert Longley, 2007) Indeed, the increasing number of inmates in the US prison demands that this problem should no longer be ignored and that something be done eradicate this problem. At the outset, it is important to emphasize that prisoners too have rights regardless whether they have been convicted or not. The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution is emphatic about this point. It states that â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. On the other hand, those who are waiting for their convictions are likewise protected under the authority of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury†¦nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. † (â€Å"Fifth Amendment†) In the case of Deshaney v. Winnebago City Social Services Department 489 U.  S. 189 (1989), the Supreme Court has declared that when the state holds a person into custody and deprives him of his liberty that he is unable to care for himself and at the time it fails to provide him basic needs, the state violates the provisions of the Eight Amendment. Thus, the Eighth Amendment protects every prisoner from brutality imposed by the guards against him but also it requires the prison officials to give ample protection from violence that the other inmates may inflict on him. In a suit for violation of Eighth Amendment, however, the law provides that the inmate whose rights have been violated to prove the following: a) the objective element the extent of the injury the inmate has suffered which is so serous that it violates the society’s standard of decency and b) the subjective element – the prison knowing fully well that a violence has occurred â€Å"maliciously and sadistically† fails respond to this violence for the purpose of causing the inmate injury. (Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.  S. 1, 14 (1992). ) Though it is quite easy to prove the first element, the second element is very difficult to prove and presents serious obstacle against an inmate who is contemplating on filing a suit against prison officials for violation of their Eighth Amendment. In addition to the protection guaranteed under the Eighth Amendment and Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the DOJ has been granted authority to prosecute a public official for violating a prisoner’s constitutional rights. Thus, under Section 242 of the United States Code, â€Å"This statute makes it a crime for any person acting under color of law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to willfully deprive or cause to be deprived from any person those rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution and laws of the U. S. † (Sec 242 of the United States Code) However, in the same manner as the violation of the Eighth Amendment is difficult to enforce, so is the violation under this statute which requires the injured party to prove that the public officer willfully and intentionally deprived the prisoner of his right. International laws likewise provide ample protection to the condition of prisoners while inside the prison system. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of which the United States is a signatory clearly provides that all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. † Indeed, all these laws affirm the basic principle that even prisoners do have rights under the law. Sexual Abuse in Prison At the outset, it is important to distinguish among the different circumstances of rape that happen within the four corners of the prison. Rape accompanied with violence is one of the more commonly known sexual abuses that happen in prison. Ordinarily, when we talk about prison rape, what comes into mind is a gang of prisoners approaching a lone prisoner from behind and raping him. According to the Department of Justice, in the 2004 alone , an estimated 8,210 allegations of sexual violence were reported by correctional authorities the equivalent of 3. 2 allegations per 1,000 inmates and youths incarcerated in 2004. (â€Å"Almost 2100 sexual violence incidents took place in the nation’s correctional facilities during 2004†) It must be stressed that when rape is accompanied by physical force and violence, things usually turn out ugly for the rape victim. He may suffer broken neck, dislocated shoulders, hips, and dislocated fingers. Things could get really bloody that there have been inmates who have been recorded to have died after a forcible rape. In an article in Houston Chronicle entitled â€Å"Mother Probes Son’s Death in Prison,† Randy Payne a 23 –year old white inmate was attacked by a group of about 20 inmates within a week after arriving at the Texas Prison. He later died of head injuries. Allan Turner) Indeed, forcible rape is such a common scenario inside prison that it may happen in any part of the prison. It could take place inside the shower, bathroom, washroom, and in sleeping areas. Forcible rape must however be distinguished from other forms of sexual abuse that also happens inside prison which is considered as most common and which takes place everyday in prison. This is called the coerced sex. In this scenario, no violence or force takes place but the victim willingly submits to the sexual favors by other inmates. It does not however follow that if sex was not accompanied by force or violence, the inmate has given his consent to have sex with the other inmate. It must be stressed that the prison system is a very coercive environment such that it very difficult to ascertain whether the victim has indeed agreed to consensual sex. This is similar with the confession obtained by police officers to a crime suspect while the latter is being held under their custody. In the same manner as there could be no voluntary confession in this scenario so is the case of consensual sex among inmates behind bars. The following are the most common reasons why consensual sex is very rare in prison. They explain why it is possible that even if the inmate has submitted himself to sex, the same is still considered as rape. The first is that the inmate becomes indebted to his other inmate because of some needs. Inside prison, there is widespread use of drugs. For some inmates they may not have the money to buy drugs or even food from other inmates. Another prisoner feigning to want to befriend this inmate offers him drugs for free. This â€Å"free offers† may include cigarettes, food, water, or even an extra pillow. For some time, this other inmate will make it appear that he merely wants to befriend this other inmate. Later on, he will ask that all these debts be repaid. If the inmate does not have the money then sexual favors might be asked in return. Another scenario is when another inmate poses as a protector of the victim. In this scenario, the group of inmates will set up their victim by threatening the victim with bodily harm and injury. At the point when they are about to hurt their victim, this â€Å"protector† will scare the other group of inmates away. This constant threat he receives from the other groups make the victim fear these inmates. He is then forced to befriend the other inmate who acted as his protector. They later on become close and they become friends. After the frequent protections, the inmate will not ask that his favors be repaid sexually. Male rape is not only a common thing inside prisons, as for female prisoners, the enemy is not their fellow prisoners but much worse. They are the male prison guards and correctional staff. The problem of sexual abuse among women prisoners is much worse precisely because of their sheer number. Research shows that the United States has earned the distinction of incarcerating the most number of prisoners. Most of these prisoners are women and there number is increasing exponentially. According to studies, since 1980, the number of women entering US prisons has risen by almost 400% roughly double the incarceration rate increase of males†¦According to current estimates, at least half of all female prisoners have experienced some form of sexual abuse prior to incarceration†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in State Prisons†, 1996) It must be stressed that this form of sexual abuse against female prisoners is worse because here the correctional officials not only become remiss in their duty to protect the inmates but they also violate the moral and legal obligation to them. Also, the male prison guards and correctional staff commit their crime with impunity using not only force but their supreme authority to give these women goods or deny them certain privileges depending on whether they â€Å"consent† to have sex. Lack of Response of Prison Officials The problem of prison rape in our penal institutions is indeed immense. Though there have been high-profile cases involving sexual abuse in prison, this problem is far from being resolved. The fault lies in not just one person or institution but in our indifferent attitude to this problem. Society perhaps may think that convicted prisoners deserve this condition inside prison. Surprisingly we will notice that prison and correctional officials are not severely punished for their transgressions. While some have been found guilty, most of the time, the punishment imposed on correctional officials would involve their reassignment to other penal institution and suspension for up to 30 days. They consider this as an administrative matter. The judiciary which is supposed to protect the oppressed likewise offers no solution to this problem as they would consider this problem as an internal matter and would rather allow prison officials to handle this matter amongst themselves. The indifferent attitude of our correctional officials to one inmate raping another is likewise depressing. Their action on this matter will mainly be limited to transferring the prisoner to another penal facility. I believe that the problem of sexual abuse will be reduced if not prevented not necessarily by punishing prison officials. The response need not be limited to their strict punishment as avoidance measures may be instituted as a matter of prison policy. Most of the time, this problem happens because the prisoner does not know what to expect in prison. He has no knowledge what happens inside prison and he does not know what to do in case something like this happens. In some states, particularly North Carolina, initiatives have been made to prevent rape by an inmate against another by conducting inmate orientation. Among the topics discussed in this orientation are not only the house rules and the day to day activities of the inmates but also information that rape may happen while they are inside the prison and tips on how to avoid getting rape. They should be prepared on the possible tricks that their fellow inmates may play on them and they should be advised to refuse any offers for food and drugs that they may later on be asked to repay. Secondly, prisoner classification should be given priority by prison officials. It must be stressed that in most prisons the hard core prisoners are mixed with first timers. When this happens the new comer becomes easy target by them. Thus, classification of prisoner and separating those newcomers from the others will provide a good alternative against rape. Thirdly, I believe we should start changing our attitudes on the issue of prison rape. This is not just an administrative misconduct but a grave offense. This issue should therefore be addressed seriously and swiftly. If a complaint is received that prison officials has raped an inmate, investigations should be made and he should immediately be prosecuted and criminal charges should be immediately filed.

sure :: essays research papers

Abortion: Are you for or against?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is a major topic in the United States and all over the world. It is legal in the United States and some people would even say it is safe. There are many factors that go along with having an abortion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first factors to consider would be to ask is it safe? According to research published in the most recent issue of the Southern Medical Journal women who abort their babies are significantly more likely to die afterward then a woman who delivers. Researchers at the Elliot Institute in Springfield, Illinois, analyzed the death and medical records of 173,000 low-income California women, comparing those who had an abortion to those who had babies. The women who had abortions were nearly twice as likely to die within two years of having an abortion, and their risk stayed elevated for at least the eight years the study was continued. The women who had abortions were seven times more likely to commit suicide and are at a very high risk for depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor to be concerned about would be your morals. What you believe in and how you were brought up should also persuade how you think. A girl I know from high school got pregnant when she Jaime Brubaker was only sixteen. She denied being pregnant to everyone. We all knew that she was, but she wouldn’t admit it. She carried the baby to a full term, and instead of telling someone so she could get help she had the baby in her bathroom at her home while her parents were at work. The baby died before anyone could get to the house to help. This doesn’t sound right at all. As Stephen L. Carter said in the essay The Rules about the Rules, â€Å"if we happen to do something wrong, we would just as soon have nobody point it out. If she had admitted she was pregnant she would not have been in that predicament. Now she has to live with this on her conscious for the rest of her life.

Analysis Of Health And Social Care In The Uk

ABSTRACT This analysis provides a review on the health and social care services in the UK. This will include an exploration of inequalities with the care sectors from the focus of the policy and individual and a discussion on promotion of equality and individual rights within the care sector. A brief history of social care in the UK will also be given. A clear understanding of inequalities in health is of critical importance so as to develop policies and interventions that support all sections of the society and direct care, treatment and services in proportion to need. Social workers can play an important role in these inequalities by working with service users in increasing their social and material resources and providing them access to information and support systems as well as maximizing their capacity to managing their health. INTRODUCTION At a time when there is a growing population in need of care, yet inequalities in health and social care challenge effective provision of services, the UK government face the central question: how should inequalities in health care be tackled and how can government ensure the promotion of individual rights within the care sector (Alcock, et.al., 2006)In order to explore on this subject, we must first define what we mean by social care. Social care encompasses a range of services that help people maintain independence, help them manage complex relationships, protect them in vulnerable situations and enable them to play a fuller part in the society (DOH 2006). It includes the provision of personal care, social work, protection and social support services to children and vulnerable adults. The provision of social care is often deemed necessary at old age or when an individual is suffering from long-term illness, learning and physical/sensory disability or mental illness. RATIONALE The current system in the UK is perceived unfair in the provision services in health care. There are huge disparities in the provision of health care services in parts of the UK with the spearheaded areas experiencing worst health care and deprivation (Ellison & Pierson 2003). The central focus of health inequalities policies have primarily been on health care and NHS funding. While significant progress has been made over the past decade by the National Health Service, inequalities still remain prevalent in the health care (Adams 2007). BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL CARE IN THE UK Social care has long been in existence as an informal concept through family support, community support and charitable works (Manson, et.al., 2004). The earliest Parliamentary Act that offered formal support to social care was the Poor Law of 1601 (Manson, et.al., 2004). This Act of parliament referred those in need of domestic care, health care, employment and housing to the care of their Parish. The advent of social work in the 19th century offered more formal support to social care. From medieval times, care was provided mostly by faith organizations or voluntary associations (Manson, et.al., 2004). The coming into power by the liberal government in 1906 was accompanied with the provision of formal health and social care that led to the establishment of the National Health Services (NHS) and the Welfare state in England during the 1940s (Manson, et.al., 2004). This herald a new dawn for social work by making access to formal health and social care services free at the point of need. The care standards Act of 2000 further increased the recognition of social work with the introduction of a degree in social work and the social workers’ register (Porter & Teisberg 2006). It is a requirement for social workers to hold an Honours degree or postgraduate MA in social work and to register with the General Social Care Council prior to commencing work. With this background knowledge in mind, it is worth examining the types of services provided by agencies in social care. SERVICES PROVIDED BY STATUTORY AND VOLUNTARY CARE AGENCIES Care services include services provided at care homes, domiciliary care, foster care, respite care and care provided at community venues (Jordan 2008).DOMICILIARY CARE/HOME CAREThis is the care that is provided at home and is suited for persons that have less acute need (Francis 2012). Limited nursing care may be provided by a District Nurse when needed. Nursing care is usually provided in care homes especially for the more infirm elderly as such individuals are often in need of medical attention and a greater level of care (Lovell & Cordeaux 1999). Domiciliary care aims at providing help with a specific task such as bathing or waking up in the morning. Traditionally, family members, friends and partners have provided domiciliary care. There is however a growing number of voluntary and statutory agencies providing domiciliary care services in the UK. Care UK is one such provider which has been approved to provide domiciliary care services to 55 local authorities in the UK (Francis 2012). Care UK provides domiciliary care to many service users including older people with dementia, children, individuals who are physically disabled and those with sensory impairments as well as serving adults with specialist needs such as mental illness, learning difficulties, HIV and acquired brain injury (Francis 2012).RESPITE CAREThis can be defined as a temporary relief provided for an elderly or the carer and may take the following forms (Lovell & Cordeaux 1999): Taking a break away from the daily routine by the elderly such as a going on a holiday. A short stay in a care home so that the carer can go on a holiday Increased support at home to enable the carer to pursue his/her interests Respite care may be as little as a day, a week or even an hour per week depending on the circumstances of the individual. Under the Carers Recognition and Services Act 1995, a carer who provides substantial care to his/her relative, friend, neighbour or partner is entitled to his/her own separate assessment by social services (Lovell & Cordeaux 1999). If assessed as in need of respite care, then this can be arranged by them.FOSTER CAREThis refers to the care provided to a minor who has been made a â€Å"ward† (Curry & Ham 2010). The minor is placed in the hands of a licensed or state certified caregiver who is often referred to as the foster parent. Foster care placement may be voluntary or involuntary. Where the biological parent is not able to provide the needed care to the minor, then voluntary placement may occur. However, where the minor is at risk of physical or psychological harm, then involuntary placement occurs (Curry & Ham 2010). There are many agencies providing fostering services in the UK. FosterCare UK is one independent non-profit organization established in 2007 to provide foster care services to minors in London and South East (Porter & Teisberg 2006). FosterCare UK recruits, trains, approves and supports foster carers to work with young people with complex and challenging needs (Porter & Teisberg 2006).COMMUNITY CARECare may as well be provided at community venues such as drop-in and day care centres. A good example is the Community Integrated Care (CIC) group, one of the leading nonprofit social and health care providers in the UK (Porter & Teisberg 2006). CIC is a national and registered charity that works in the community by providing support to people with a diverse range of needs across England and Scotland (Porter & Teisberg 2006). The group provides support to people with learning difficulties, physical disabilities and mental health conditions. It also provides a range of support services to o lder people with dementia. Further, CIC provides homelessness services such as housing, personal development and training and education to homeless people (Porter & Teisberg 2006). While there are a number of agencies, both statutory and voluntary, offering social care services to vulnerable individuals, challenges still remain in the provision of such services. Health inequality is one major challenge which has continued to undermine the effective provision of services in the health care. INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH In the UK, the black and minority ethnic (BME) groups have in general reported ill-health and their dissatisfaction with the care services. A large proportion of the UK population constitutes the white. According to the 2001 census, the white accounted for 92% of the total population while the Black British and Asians accounted for 2% and 4% respectively (DOH 2006). Ethnic differences in the delivery and uptake of health care services have been reported. For example, access to care for coronary heart disease has been found to be lower among the South Asians (DOH 2006). With reference to prevention, the rates of smoking cessation have been found to be lower in these minority groups compared to the whites (DOH 2006). Additionally, most of these minority groups have indicated higher rates of dissatisfaction with the services provided by the NHS. For example, according to the Healthcare Commission patient surveys, most of the South Asians reported poorer experiences in hospitals as inpatients (DOH 2006). Many of these minority groups experience higher rates of poverty than the whites, in terms of area deprivation, worklessness, income, and the lack of basic necessities. This perhaps explains the variation in self-reported health. However, other than their socio-economic status, there is a complex interplay of factors that may be responsible for causing such inequalities including discrimination, racism, poor delivery of health care services, biological susceptibility and the differences in culture and lifestyles (DOH 2006). PROGRESS AND INITIATIVES TOWARDS REDUCING INEQUALITY IN HEALTH CARE Policy developments have tried to tackle inequalities in health. Acheson’s Independent Inquiry of 1998 was a key initiative that put health inequalities on the policy agenda (Stuart 2003). It emphasized on how poverty, the wider inequalities and exclusion were impacting on the provision of health care services. Subsequent policies have also recognized inequalities in health as multi-faceted and focused on reducing these inequalities. The central focus of health inequalities policies have primarily been on health care and NHS funding (Baldock, et.al., 2007). Besides the socioeconomic inequalities, policies have also focused explicitly on equity between the various ethnic groups. Identifying good practice in racial equality and mainstreaming strategies in health services has been the main approach to tackling inequalities (Baldock, et.al., 2007). A number initiatives have been commissioned by the Department of Health to collate good practice in equality in health such as Race for Health, Pacesetters and handling problems like language barriers and barrier to access of health care resources (Stuart 2003). More recently, major reforms have been made to the NHS. The role that Primary Care Trust plays in health care has expanded and changes have been made to practice based commissioning, competition, and involvement of patient as well as plurality of providers (Lewis, et.al 2010). These reforms are seen as making it easier tailor health care services to local populations thus meeting the needs of everyone, including the minority groups. The Department of Health has also initiated the Mosaic programme, which aims at developing and maintaining good practice in procurement, based on the Commission for Racial Equality guidelines (DOH 2006). Concerns have however been raised by critics that the initiative may not be of benefit to the minority and deprived groups and they have called for an examination of the impact that these reforms may have on equalities. While there has been a remarkable progress towards reducing inequalities in the health care sector in UK, there is still the need to develop more policies and interventions that support all sections of the society and direct care, treatment and services in proportion to need. This includes advocating for the promotion of individual rights within the care sector. PROMOTION OF EQUALITY AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS In this regard, individual rights include, but are not limited to (Adams 2007): The right to respect Not to be discriminated against Right to practice their cultural and religious beliefs Making their own choices Right to equality or to be treated in a similar manner as the rest of the population Treated as an individual Right to be treated in a dignified way Right to privacy or confidentiality Protection from harm and danger Right to have access to information, especially where that information concerns them Communication using their preferred methods. There is thus the need for recognition of the immense diversity amongst individuals in the British society and how care agencies, both voluntary and statutory, can accommodate this diversity. This promotion of equality and individual rights is crucial for effective provision of care services. That is, social workers need to treat everyone as an individual, have respect for individual’s diversity and cultural values, promote equal treatment and opportunities for individuals, empower individuals, support them express their needs and experiences, ensure their well-being, work in ways consistent with the individual’s preferences and beliefs, avoid their discrimination and put the individual’s preference at the heart of service provisions through person centred planning approach (Adams 2007). CONCLUSION Social care services are provided to vulnerable individuals to protect them from harm, promote their independence and social inclusion, preserve or advance their physical and mental health, improve their opportunities and life chances, strengthen their families and protect and promote their individual human rights. In spite of the importance of provision of social care services, it is apparent that the current system in the UK is perceived unfair in the provision of health care services. There seems to be huge disparities in health care service provisions in parts of the UK with the spearheaded areas experiencing worst health care and deprivation. A remarkable progress has however been made towards reducing inequalities in the health A number initiatives have been commissioned by the Department of Health to collate good practice in equality in health such as Race for Health, Pacesetters and major reforms made to the NHS. These are seen as making it easier to tailor health care services to local populations thus meeting the needs of everyone, including the minority groups. While there has been a remarkable progress made, there is still the need to develop more policies and interventions that support all sections of the society and direct care, treatment and services in proportion to need. Social workers can play an important role in reducing health inequalities by working with service users in increasing their social and material resources and providing them access to information and support systems as well as maximizing their capacity to managing their health. REFERENCE Adams, R., 2007. Foundations of health and social care. Palgrave publishers Alcock, P., et.al., 2006. Students companion to social policy. Blackwell publishers Baldock et al (eds), 2007. Social Policy, Oxford University Press. Bradshaw, et.al., 1978. Issues in social policy. Routledge. Curry N. and C. Ham, 2010. Clinical and Service Integration: The route to improved outcomes. London: The King’s Fund. Available at: www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/clinical_and_service.html (accessed on 16 February 2012). Department of Health (DOH), 2006. Our Health, Our Care, Our Say: A New Direction for Community Services. London: DOH Department of Health, 1998. Modernising social services. Crown publishers. Hill, M., 2006. Social policy in the modern world. Blackwell publishers Ellison, N. and C. Pierson, 2003. Developments in British Social Policy. Palgrave publishers Francis, J., 2012. An overview of the UK domiciliary care sector. Sutton. United Kingdom Home Care Association Ltd. Jordan, B., 2008. Social policy for the 21st century (New Perspective). Polity Press. Lewis R, et.al., 2010. Where Next for Integrated Care Organisations in the NHSLondon: Nuffield Trust. Lovell, T and C. Cordeaux, 1999. Social Policy for Health and Social Care. Hodder and Stoughton. Mason, et.al, 2004. BTEC Introduction Health and Social Care. Heinemann. Platt, L, 2002. Parallel livesPoverty among ethnic minority groups in Britain, London. Porter, M. and E. Teisberg, 2006. Redefining Health Care: Creating Value- Based Competition On Results. Harvard Business School Press. Stuart, et.al, 2003. Tackling Health Inequalities since the Acheson Inquiry, Bristol

Patricia Bath Biography

Patricia Bath, born in 1942, faced many problems dealing with discrimination as she climbed her way to the top in her profession. During her life time she had completed many accomplishments such as, making a safer and more efficient way to help cataract patients. Patricia at an early age had begun to love science because of her mother and her father, who was also the first African American in his profession. As she was pushed by her parents to pursue a successful career, she begun to strive for and use all she had to get to that point in her profession of ophthalmology. In honor of black history month, many students have learned about many happenings that lead up to having this dedication and many people who helped contribute towards it. Patricia Bath from an early age began making decisions to later help her achieve many goals in ophthalmology, which among all others was the Laserphaco Probe. Many problems stood in Patricia’s way as she began to make her first achievements, but many believe that these obstacles just pushed her further (Lindberg, M. D. ). Throughout her life Patricia was the first African-American woman to do many things. She was the first to complete a residency in ophthalmology as an African American. In her department, she was the first female at UCLA’s Jules Stein Eye Institute in 1974. Her profession was dealing with those who had cataracts and in 1988 she really contributed in that aspect, she had created the Laserphaco Probe. The Laserphaco Probe is Patricia’s accomplishment that she is most known for. As she began to work on this device, she used it on human cadavers and through many of these tests, she made various modifications (Patricia E. Bath). The Laserphaco Probe then and now uses a laser to more efficiently, effectively, safely, and painlessly remove the cataracts from a person’s eye. Through this she was also the first African-American female doctor to ever receive a patent, much less than in four different countries (Biography Channel). The lasers on this invention vaporized the films on the eye of the patient without doing any or severe damage to the eye itself. Patricia now works as an educator to upcoming ophthalmologists at her new Residency Training Program. Ophthalmology has been her main profession hroughout her life and even after retiring from her original place of work she was elected to the Center’s Honorary staff (Lindberg, M. D. ). As defined by the (Merriam Webster) dictionary her profession is, â€Å"a branch that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. † Another milestone in Bath’s life was that she, â€Å"co-founded the American Institute for the Prevent ion of Blindness, which established that â€Å"eyesight is a basic human right† (Biography Channel). However, to get this far in life education was necessary. Bath went to a variety of colleges ranging from Hunter College to Howard University to Colombia University. Patricia Bath will forever be known as the inventor of a device for cataract surgery, or better known as the Laserphaco Probe. Though facing many obstacles throughout her life Bath overcame them and spun them in her favor to be the first to do many things. To think that this all started with the chemistry set given to her by her mother as a young girl (Biography Channel). Along with her other inspiration she did this, which was the love of humanity and passion for helping others. Bath continues to further help her profession by introducing and inducting new future successors into her field through her training program. Work Cited Page Lindberg, M.D., Donald. â€Å"Patricia Bath.† Changing the Face of Medicine. Harvard Medical School, 19 Feb. 2013. Web. 19 Feb 2013. . â€Å"Patricia Bath.† 2013. The Biography Channel website. Feb 20 2013, 01:27 http://www.biography.com/people/patricia-bath-21038525. Patricia E. Bath, MD [email  protected]

Brain Cancer Essays - Medicine, Health, Clinical Medicine, RTT

Brain Cancer Essays - Medicine, Health, Clinical Medicine, RTT Brain Cancer The body normally forms new cells only when they are needed to replace old or damaged ones. If something happens to disturb this controlled process, abnormal or excessive cells are produced. When this occurs a tumor is developed. This is known as cancer. When a tumor is developed on the brain, it is called a brain tumor or brain cancer. Brain tumors can be benign or malignant (benign being not cancerous and malignant being cancerous). Both types can be deadly when dealing with the brain. Benign brain tumors consist of very slow growing cells. They have distinct borders and rarely spread to other locations. When viewed under a microscope, the cells of a benign tumor have an almost normal appearance. Even though these tumors sound harmless they can be life-threatening when located in such a vital area. Since the skull is unable to expand when the tumor grows it puts pressure on the brain. This results in damaged brain tissues and if left untreated a person could die. A malignant tumor is a tumor that could potentially invade and destroy important tissues and cells. They can also spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). Brain tumors can initially start in the brain. They can also spread to other parts of the body from the brain but this rarely happens. Some tumors may be worse than others. Tumor staging is used to determine the extent of cancer. The stage indicates if the cancer has spread and how far. The stages are listed below: T = Primary tumor size/extent T0: Primary tumor not present T1, T2, T3, T4 The higher the number, the larger the size/extent of the tumor. N = Regional lymph node involvement N0: No lymph node involvement N1, N2, N3 The higher the number, the more lymph node involvement. M = Distant metastasis M0: no metastasis M1: Metastasis present The cause of brain cancer is unknown. It is likely they are caused by many factors. Some of these factors are genetic damage, inheritance, electromagnetic fields, weak immune system, viruses, injury, diet, chemicals, hormones, environmental factors, and occupational factors. The most common and often first symptoms of brain tumors are headaches and seizures. Later symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, change in pulse, and trouble breathing. Mental changes may also occur such as difficulty in communication and speech. In general symptoms greatly depend on the location of the tumor. For example if the tumor is on the occipital lobe, you would have problems with your vision. Treatment of a tumor depends on its location and type, but surgical removal of the tumor if the primary treatment for cancer. Some tumors can be removed without harm to any part of the brain while others are in areas that make surgical removal impossible. Most tumors are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. A new procedure is being tried called gamma knife, which is a type of radio surgery. It uses precise radiation to isolate and kill the tumor. One positive aspect of this procedure is that it limits the amount of radiation that the entire brain receives so less normal brain cells are destroyed. Some Statistics Within the next year, over 100,000 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with brain cancer. Brain tumors are the second leading cause of death in the age group 15-34. Brain tumors are the second fastest growing cause of cancer death among those over age 65. Approximately 44 percent of all primary brain tumors are benign. Unlike most benign tumors when located on the brain they can cause death. Because of their location brain, tumors are difficult to treat. Brain cancer research is underfunded. The cause of brain cancer is still unknown. The cure rate for brain cancer is lower than that of most other types of cancer.

Definition and Examples of Progymnasmata in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Progymnasmata in Rhetoric The progymnasmata are  handbooks of preliminary rhetorical exercises that introduce students to basic rhetorical concepts and strategies. Also called the  gymnasma. In classical rhetorical training, the progymnasmata were structured so that the student moved from strict imitation to a more artistic melding of the often disparate concerns of speaker, subject, and audience (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, 1996). EtymologyFrom the Greek, before exercises The Exercises This list of 14 exercises is drawn from the progymnasmata handbook written by Aphthonius of Antioch, a fourth-century rhetorician. fablenarrativeanecdote (chreia)proverb (maxim)refutationconfirmationcommonplaceencomiuminvectivecomparison (syncrisis)characterization (impersonation or ethopoeia)description (ekphrasis)thesis (theme)defend/attack a law (deliberation) Observations The Enduring Value of the ProgymnasmataThe handbooks of progymnasmata may . . . interest modern teachers of composition, for they present a sequence of assignments in reading, writing, and speaking which gradually increase in difficulty and in maturity of thought from simple story-telling to argumentation, combined with study of literary models. As such, the exercises were certainly effective in providing students for centuries with verbal skills that many students in our time seem less often to develop. Because the exercises were so completely structured, furnishing the student with lists of things to say on many subjects, they are open to the criticism that they tended to indoctrinate students in traditional values and inhibit individual creativity. Only Theon, among writers on progymnasmata, suggests that students might be asked to write about their own experiences- something that did not again become a subject of elementary composition until the romantic period. Nevertheless, it would be unfair to characterize the traditional exercises as inhibiting all criticism of traditional values. Indeed, a major feature of the exercises was stress on learning refutation or rebuttal: how to take a traditional tale, narrative, or thesis and argue against it. If anything, the exercises may have tended to encourage the idea that there was an equal amount to be said on two sides of any issue, a skill practiced at a later stage of education in dialectical debate.(George A. Kennedy, Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Brill, 2003) Sequenced ExercisesThe progymnasmata remained popular for so long because they are carefully sequenced: they begin with simple paraphrases . . . and end with sophisticated exercises in deliberative and forensic [also known as judicial] rhetoric. Each successive exercise uses a skill practiced in the preceding one, but each adds some new and more difficult composing task. Ancient teachers were fond of comparing the graded difficulty of the progymnasmata to the exercise used by Milo of Croton to gradually increase his strength: Milo lifted a calf each day. Each day the calf grew heavier, and each day his strength grew. He continued to lift the calf until it became a bull.(S. Crowley and D. Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004)The Progymnasmata and the Rhetorical SituationThe progymnasmata progresses from concrete, narrative tasks to abstract, persuasive ones; from addressing the class and teacher to addressing a public audience such as the law court; from developing a single prescribed point of view to examining several and arguing for a self-determined thesis. The elements of a rhetorical situationaudience, speaker, and appropriate languageare included and vary from one exercise to another. Within exercises subordinate topics or topoi are called for, such as exemplification, definition, and comparison. Yet students have freedom to select their subjects, expand them, and assume a role or persona as they see fit.(John Hagaman, Modern Use of the Progymnasmata in Teaching Rhetorical Invention. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986) Method and ContentThe progymnasmata . . . offered Roman teachers a systematic yet flexible tool for incremental development of student abilities. The young writer/speaker is led step-by-step into increasingly complex compositional tasks, his freedom of expression depending, almost paradoxically, on his ability to follow the form or pattern set by his master. At the same time he absorbs ideas of morality and virtuous public service from the subjects discussed, and from their recommended amplifications on themes of justice, expediency, and the like. By the time he reaches the exercise of Laws, he has long since learned to see both sides of a question. He has also amassed a store of examples, aphorisms, narratives, and historical incidents which he can use later outside the school.(James J. Murphy, Habit in Roman Writing Instruction. A Short History of Writing Instruction: From Ancient Greece to Modern America, ed. by James J. Murphy. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)Decline of the Progymnasmata[ W]hen, in the late seventeenth century, training in the three classical genera began to lose relevance and the systematic development of Latin themes through imitation and amplification began to lose favor, the progymnasmata fell into sharp decline. Nonetheless, the training afforded by the progymnasmata has left a strong impression on Western literature and oratory.(Sean Patrick ORourke, Progymnasmata. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) Pronunciation: pro gim NAHS ma ta

The Implementation of Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) and Research Paper - 1

The Implementation of Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) and Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) plans and the Challenge of Effective Integration - Research Paper Example It is for this reason that such bodies as the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) continue to enforce international policies that seek to minimise the number of air travel incidences and accidents. In its 2014 safety report, the ICAO recorded decrease in the number of accidents per one million departure from 3.2 in 2012 to 2.8 in 2013 (ICAO, 2014). This was against 2011 and 2010 rates of 4.2 each. This statistics shows that a lot of progress is being achieved in aviation safety. This research paper therefore seeks to investigate ways in which the implementation of two major flight safety systems namely the flight operational quality assurance (FOQA) and flight data monitoring (FDM) can aid in improving the safety status in air travel. This is done along the need to understanding the challenges that come with the effective integration of these and other flight safety systems. The FOQA and FDM systems are often thought of as being the same type of system and representing the same outcome. Klein and Militello (2011) however explained that even though these two may be very similar and used interchangeably, they are not the same and do not represent the same outcome. FDM can be said to be the parent safety system introduced by the Flight Safety Foundation and approved by the ICAO for practice for processing recorded data from routine flights. The overall aim of such processing of recorded data is to ensure that there is effective operational risk assessment for all aircrafts that are over 27 tonnes (Diehl, 2013). Out of the FDM, the FOQA was born very specifically by the US Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) which exempted itself from the ICAO’s mandatory requirement on January 1, 2005 for National Aviation Authorities (NAA) through the FDM (UK Health and Safety Executive, 2011). As a flight safety system, the FOQA acts as a voluntary program or guideli ne for capturing, analysing and visualising all forms